Table of Contents
Volume 30, EMLF Annual Institute Proceedings

Chapter 1- Chet M. Thompson and Jessica A. Hall
Greenhouse Gas Regulation Under the Clean Air Act in 2009 and Beyond
§ 1.01. Introduction
§ 1.02. Background
§ 1.03. Aftermath of Massachusetts v. EPA
§ 1.04. Recent EPA Activity Under the New Leadership
§ 1.05. EPA’s Likely Next Actions
§ 1.06. The Future of EPA Authority Under Proposed New Legislation
§ 1.07. Conclusion

Chapter 2 - W. Blaine Early, III
Property Rights in a Sustainable World: More than Minerals and Surface
§ 2.01. Introduction
§ 2.02. Sustainable Development
§ 2.03. Property Rights Under a Sustainable Mode
§ 2.04. Conclusion

Chapter 3 - Bruce E. Cryder and R. Clay Larkin
Consent Provisions in Natural Resources Agreements
§ 3.01. Introduction
§ 3.02. Where to Find Consent Requirements
§ 3.03. Consent Issues in Leases
§ 3.04. Agreements Other than Leases
§ 3.05. When Can Consent Be Withheld?
§ 3.06. Avoiding the Consent Requirement
§ 3.07. Failure to Obtain Consent: Effect of Breach and Remedies
§ 3.08. Conclusion
§ 3.09. Appendix: General Treatment of Restraints on Transfer in Selected Mineral Producing States

Chapter 4 - Gregory J. Ossi, Marina E. Burton, Rebeca H. Ormsbee and David R. Warner
Spiraling Costs and Crashing Markets -— Who Will Be Left Holding the (Empty) Bag for Depleted Pensions and Unfunded Health Care Liabilities?
§ 4.01. Introduction
§ 4.02. ERISA Fiduciaries
§ 4.03. Pension Plans
§ 4.04. Healthcare Plans
§ 4.05. Conclusion

Chapter 5 - Robert M. Stonestreet
Force Majeure for Sure? Contractual Coal Supply Obligations in a Changing World
§ 5.01. Introduction
§ 5.02. Definition and Function of Force Majeure Clause
§ 5.03. Examples of Force Majeure Provisions
§ 5.04. What Is a Force Majeure Event?
§ 5.05. Current Regulatory Issues Raising Force Majeure Concerns
§ 5.06. Future Issues of Concern
§ 5.07. Implications of Force Majeure Declaration
§ 5.08. Recommendations

Chapter 6 - Timothy J. Hagerty and Emily C. McKinney
The Clean Water Act Two-Step: The Back-and-Forth Challenges to the Corps of Engineers’ Permitting Authority Under the Clean Water Act
§ 6.01. Introduction
§ 6.02. Permitting Framework Under the Clean Water Act
§ 6.03. Regulatory History of the “Fill Material” Definition
§ 6.04. Prior Litigation Over the Definition of “Fill Material”
§ 6.05. The OVEC Case: Another Clean Water Act Challenge to Valley Fills
§ 6.06. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
§ 6.07. Conclusion

Chapter 7 - Robert G. McLusky and Blair M. Gardner
Selenium Issues in the Coal Industry
§ 7.01. History of Selenium Water Quality Standards
§ 7.02. Selenium Discovered in the Central Appalachian Coalfields
§ 7.03. Isolating Sources of Selenium in Coalfields
§ 7.04. Selenium Treatment Options
§ 7.05. Clean Water Act Citizens’ Suits and Enforcement Actions

Chapter 8 - Daniel L. Wolff
Mine Accident Reporting Obligations and MSHA Enforcement
§ 8.01. Introduction
§ 8.02. Regulatory Background
§ 8.03. Making the Rule by Ad Hoc Enforcement
§ 8.04. Other Issues
§ 8.05. Conclusion

Chapter 9 - F. Thomas Rubenstein and Heather A. Blandford
“Flagrant” Violations Under the Mine Act: What’s A Little More Ambiguity Among Friends?
§ 9.01. Introduction
§ 9.02. Regulation and Policy Interpretation
§ 9.03. Possible Legal Precedent
§ 9.04 Possible Specific Legal Defenses
§ 9.05 Conclusion
Appendix 299

Chapter 10 - Mark E. Heath and Timothy D. Houston
Increased Enforcement and Higher Penalties Under the MINER Act: Do They Improve Worker Safety?
§ 10.01. Introduction
§ 10.02. Safety Climate Prior to 2006 and the Events of 2006 and 2007
§ 10.03. MSHA’s Response to the Increase in Underground Coal Fatalities and the MINER Act
§ 10.04. Today’s Enforcement Climate in the Wake of the MINER Act
§ 10.05. Impact on Fatality and Injury Rates
§ 10.06 Conclusion

Chapter 11 - Bruce M. Kramer
Coastal Oil & Gas Corp. v. Garza Energy Trust: Some New Paradigms for the Rule of Capture and Implied Covenant Jurisprudence
§ 11.01. Introduction
§ 11.02. Some Basic Definitions
§ 11.03. The Rule of Capture/Trespass Issue
§ 11.04. The Implied Covenant Causes of Action
§ 11.05. Conclusion

Chapter 12 - Sean Cassidy
Division of Royalties — Who Gets What?
§ 12.01. Introduction
§ 12.02. Royalty Basics
§ 12.03. Apportionment vs. Nonapportionment
§ 12.04. Unitization Provisions
§ 12.05. Pooling
§ 12.06. Estate Issues
§ 12.07. Transfer of Interest “Out of” Grantor’s Interest
§ 12.08. Life Estate/Remaindermen
§ 12.09. Royalty Calculation Examples
§ 12.10. Conclusion

Chapter 13 - Joel E. Symonds and Natalie N. Jefferis
Thinking Horizontally in a Vertical World: Practical Considerations for Practitioners Advising Clients on Horizontal Development in the Marcellus and Big Sandy Fields
§ 13.01. Introduction
§ 13.02. Drilling Horizontal Wells
§ 13.03. Basic Property Laws in the Appalachian Basin
§ 13.04. Drilling Regulations in the Appalachian Basin
§ 13.05. Lease Considerations
§ 13.06. Trespass
§ 13.07. Implied Covenants
§ 13.08. Horizontal Development Concerns
§ 13.09. Conclusion

Chapter 14 - Russell L. Schetroma
General Reflections Upon the Evolving Eastern Oil & Gas Lease
§ 14.01. Introduction and Scope
§ 14.02. Lease Form Revision Projects in Contemporary Context
§ 14.03. A Short Consideration of Selected Lease Terms
§ 14.04. New Issues to Consider
§ 14.05. Conclusion
§ 14.06. A Possible “Short” Lease Form
§ 14.07. Possible Alternative/Additional Lease Terms

Chapter 15 - R. Timothy Weston
Water Supply and Wastewater Challenges in Marcellus Shale Development
§ 15.01. Introduction to the Dual Water Supply and Wastewater Challenge
§ 15.02. The Water Resource Challenge in Perspective
§ 15.03. Water Rights and Water Withdrawal Regulation
§ 15.04. Liability of Gas Well Operators for Impacts on Other Water Users
§ 15.05. The Flowback/Wastewater Challenge
§ 15.06. Legal and Regulatory Issues in Implementing Treatment and Disposal Facilities
§ 15.07. Summarizing Key Challenges to Wastewater Management
§ 15.08. Final Words