Table of Contents
Volume 29, EMLF Annual Institute Proceedings

Chapter 1- Bill Jeffery
Carbon Capture and Storage: Promising Technology, But Many Legal Questions Remain
§ 1.01. Introduction
§ 1.02. Climate Change and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
§ 1.03. Sources of CO2 Emissions
§ 1.04. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
§ 1.05. Legal Questions Presented by CCS
§ 1.06. Conclusion

Chapter 2 - Amy M. Smith and Karen E. Kahle
Class Action Fairness Act of 2005: Federal Jurisdiction, Exceptions to the Exercise of Jurisdiction and Burdens of Proof
§ 2.01. Introduction
§ 2.02. Definition of “Class Action” Under CAFA
§ 2.03. The Act’s Jurisdictional Provisions
§ 2.04. Exceptions to the Exercise of Jurisdiction
§ 2.05. Special Rules for Appellate Review of Remand Orders
§ 2.06. The Act’s Impact on Class Actions in Federal Courts
§ 2.07. Conclusion

Chapter 3 - Albert F. Sebok, Brian J. Moore, Robert O. Passmore and Rena K. Seidler
Defending Against Punitive Damages from the Answer Through the End of the Trial
§ 3.01. Introduction
§ 3.02. Pleading
§ 3.03. Determining Punitive Damages Amount
§ 3.04. Bifurcation of Trials
§ 3.05. Jury Instructions and Rule 50 Motions
§ 3.06. Conclusion

Chapter 4 - Jeff A. Woods and Helena Racin Smith
What Kinds of Punitive Damages May Be Awarded for Willful Trespass to Minerals?
§ 4.01. Introduction and Summary
§ 4.02. Scope of Damages for Willful Trespass to Minerals in Primary Mineral-Producing States
§ 4.03. Do Willful Trespass Damages Violate Constitutional Limits of Due Process?
§ 4.04. Conclusion

Chapter 5 - Gregory J. Ossi and Danielle N. Petaja
Employment Law Update: Maximizing Human Resources
§ 5.01. Introduction
§ 5.02. Supreme Court Update
§ 5.03. Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA)
§ 5.04. Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
§ 5.05. National Labor Relations Act
§ 5.06. Workplace Bullying: Is This a Real Issue?

Chapter 6 - John R. Leathers
Selected Issues in Attorney-Client Confidentiality
§ 6.01. Introduction
§ 6.02. Confidential Client Information
§ 6.03. Department of Justice Attacks Upon Confidentiality
§ 6.04. Dangers of Waiver
§ 6.05. Legislative Efforts to Reverse Current Policy
§ 6.06. The Future of the Attack on Confidentiality
§ 6.07. The Privilege for Law Firm Internal Counsel
§ 6.08. Conclusion on the Use of In-House Counsel

Chapter 7 - Kirsten L. Nathanson and David P. Ross
Clean Water Act Compliance and Enforcement: EPA Targets the Coal Industry
§ 7.01. Introduction
§ 7.02. Initiation of Enforcement Inquiry – Clean Water Act (CWA) Section 308 Requests
§ 7.03. Administrative Enforcement Actions Within the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
§ 7.04. Referral to Department of Justice (DOJ) – Road to a Consent Decree or Trial
§ 7.05. Settlements with State Regulators – Not a Full Defense
§ 7.06. Auditing and Environmental Management System Considerations
§ 7.07. EPA’s Voluntary Disclosure Policy
§ 7.08. Conclusion

Chapter 8 - Allyn G. Turner and Jason C. Pizatella
Section 404 Permits, Valley Fills and In-Stream Ponds: What’s Next?
§ 8.01. Introduction
§ 8.02. Historic Context of the “Chambers” Litigation: Recent History of the Clean Water Act (CWA), Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act(SMCRA) and National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) Litigation Against Coal Operations
§ 8.03. The “Chambers” Litigation: Ohio Valley Environmental Coalition v. Army Corps of Engineers
§ 8.04. The New Compensatory Mitigation Rule
§ 8.05. What’s Next? Section 404 Permitting after “Chambers”
§ 8.06. Conclusion

Chapter 9 - John M. Williams and Deanna L. Talwalkar
The MINER Act: Keeping Out of Trouble
§ 9.01. Introduction
§ 9.02. The MINER Act: An Overview of Changes to the Mine Act Civil Penalty System
§ 9.03. Impact of Increased Penalty Assessments
§ 9.04. Conclusion

Chapter 10 - John E. Rhine
Acquisition and Financing of Coal Reserves
§ 10.01. Introduction: Coal Reserves Are Real Estate
§ 10.02. Coal Reserves as Distinct from Other Real Estate
§ 10.03. Extraction Value
§ 10.04. Large Numbers of Tracts Involved in a Coal Reserve Transaction
§ 10.05. Acceptable Title Standards for Coal Reserves
§ 10.06. Title Standard Variations
§ 10.07. Real Property Interests in Coal Reserves
§ 10.08. Title Assurance
§ 10.09. Creation and Perfection of Security Interests in Coal
§ 10.10. Special Problems for Lenders
§ 10.11. Practical Problems in Coal Reserve Transactions
§ 10.12. Conflicts of Interest

Chapter 11 - Clifford B. Levine and Shawn N. Gallagher
State and Local Regulation of Oil and Gas Operations: Drilling Through the Maze of Preemption, Severed Mineral Estates and Surface Owner Rights
§ 11.01. Introduction
§ 11.02. The Intersection of State and Local Regulation of Oil and Gas Operations in the Appalachian Basin
§ 11.03. Surface Use Conflicts Reemerge in the Appalachian Basin

Chapter 12 - Nicolle R. Snyder Bagnell
Two Important Cases Which Impacted the State of Pennsylvania Oil and Gas Law in 2007: Excavation Technologies v. Columbia Gas of Pennsylvania – Is a Gas Company Liable for Economic Losses When It Marks Its Lines? and Penneco v. Dominion Transmission and Dominion Exploration and Production – Who Owns the Right to Drill Under Production and Storage Leases?
§ 12.01. Introduction
§ 12.02. Excavation Technologies
§ 12.03. Penneco v. Dominion
§ 12.04. Epilogue

Chapter 13 - Timothy M. Miller
Plan for the Worst, Hope for the Best: The Role of Legal Counsel on the Crisis Management Team
§ 13.01. Introduction
§ 13.02. Operational Planning for a Crisis
§ 13.03. Legal Department and Outside Counsel’s Role on the Crisis Management Team
§ 13.04. Conclusion

Chapter 14 - L. Frederick Williams, Jr.
Federal Taxation of Investors in Oil and Gas Drilling Programs
§ 14.01. Introduction
§ 14.02. Alternative Structures for Oil and Gas Drilling Programs
§ 14.03. Basics of Partnership Taxation
§ 14.04. Election Out of the Partnership Tax Rules (“Subchapter K”)
§ 14.05. Tax Benefits Available to Investors
§ 14.06. Restrictions on Use of Tax Benefits
§ 14.07. Self-Employment Tax Ramifications
§ 14.08. Tax Consequences upon the Sale of Interests in Oil and Gas Properties